Objective This paper is to design a solution based on blockchain technology for the traceability problem caused by the complexity of the regulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs of the first category (anesthesia drugs), in order to improve the efficiency of the regulation of anesthesia drugs and ensure the traceability of the source of the drugs. Methods In this study, the CITA framework, combined with distributed ledger and smart contract technology, was used to construct a blockchain system for the traceability of anesthesia drugs. Results System stability test shows that under 4.5 MB block and 1 second timeout, the system throughput reaches 5 893 TPS, with 2-10 seconds delay and excellent performance. Clinical scenarios have proved that the system captures the whole process data track of anesthesia drugs in the hospital, with accurate and efficient traceability and effective data security. Conclusion The blockchain-based traceability system for anesthesia drugs has achieved significant results in improving regulatory efficiency and enhancing data security. The system exhibits high reliability and stability, providing strong support for the traceability of anesthesia drugs.